{"id":29614,"date":"2023-09-16T00:52:39","date_gmt":"2023-09-15T17:52:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/?p=29614"},"modified":"2023-09-16T00:52:39","modified_gmt":"2023-09-15T17:52:39","slug":"van-de-cronbachs-alpha-duoi-07-co-nhat-thiet-phai-tim-moi-cach-de-cai-thien-khong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/van-de-cronbachs-alpha-duoi-07-co-nhat-thiet-phai-tim-moi-cach-de-cai-thien-khong","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Cronbach&#8217;s alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,7- c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>T\u1eed L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proton Holdings Bhd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_40 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" area-label=\"ez-toc-toggle-icon-1\"><label for=\"item-6ad67c3b3ed0b\" aria-label=\"Table of Content\"><span style=\"display: flex;align-items: center;width: 35px;height: 30px;justify-content: center;direction:ltr;\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/label><input  type=\"checkbox\" id=\"item-6ad67c3b3ed0b\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/van-de-cronbachs-alpha-duoi-07-co-nhat-thiet-phai-tim-moi-cach-de-cai-thien-khong\/#Cronbachs_alpha_duoi_07\" title=\"Cronbach&#8217;s alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,7.\">Cronbach&#8217;s alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,7.<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3'><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/van-de-cronbachs-alpha-duoi-07-co-nhat-thiet-phai-tim-moi-cach-de-cai-thien-khong\/#Tat_ca_cac_cau_tra_loi_134\" title=\"T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi (134)\">T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi (134)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cronbachs_alpha_duoi_07\"><\/span>Cronbach&#8217;s alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,7.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a 280 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, c\u00f3 3 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (4 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con), trung gian (7 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con) v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c (9 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con).\u00a0M\u1ed7i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi.\u00a0N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach&#8217;s alpha c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,7 th\u00ec th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 x\u00f3a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u00ean quan trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach&#8217;s alpha l\u00ean tr\u00ean 0,7.\u00a0N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 2, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0C\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0Trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi 40 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n<p>\u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady<\/p>\n<p>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n<p>Chia s\u1ebb<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t<\/p>\n<p><u>Pauw Voetligt<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Utrecht<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f2n h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach&#8217;s alpha l\u00e0 0,691 th\u00ec sao?\u00a0vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i alpha \u0111\u1ebfn .703.\u00a0\u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n?<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (1)<\/p>\n<p><u>Ronan Michael Conroy<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng gia \u1edf Ireland<\/p>\n<p>Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha 0,7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thang \u0111o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0: truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.\u00a0N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Lance (Lance CE, Butts MM, Michels LC. Ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ti\u00eau ch\u00ed gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i g\u00ec? Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. 2006 1 th\u00e1ng 4; 9 (2): 202\u2013 20.)<\/p>\n<p>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1978 c\u1ee7a Nunally th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng &#8220;m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&#8230; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady.&#8221; t\u1eeb 0,70 tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7&#8230;. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady \u1edf m\u1ee9c 0,80 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cao.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>80 Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tat_ca_cac_cau_tra_loi_134\"><\/span>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi (134)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Reynaldo Rocha-Ch\u00e1vez<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/p>\n<p>Tze Leong Chan th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 hai.\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i dung.\u00a0C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ba \u00edt h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho m\u1ed7i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con v\u00e0 0,8 alfa tr\u1edf l\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con.\u00a0Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>T\u1eed L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Proton Holdings Bhd<\/p>\n<p>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft\/cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 2 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng cronbach alpha theo b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong khi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a 3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a 99 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u00f4 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Reynaldo Rocha-Ch\u00e1vez<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/p>\n<p>Alpha l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p \u0111o l\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch.\u00a0L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n theo c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, hy sinh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n<p><u>http:\/\/books.google.com.mx\/books\/about\/Foundations_of_behavioral_research.html?id=3QQQAQAAIAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Reynaldo Rocha-Ch\u00e1vez<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i nh\u1edb \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129.\u00a0C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 Ki\u1ec3m tra L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft C\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Robert Thomas Brennan<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Boston<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n hai m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o.\u00a0Alpha trong m\u1eabu ph\u1ee5 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady (\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n b\u00ean trong) ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1eabu ho\u1eb7c m\u1eabu ph\u1ee5.\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m N nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Li\u1ec7u m\u1eabu \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so v\u1edbi m\u1eabu l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, ph\u1ea7n l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong khi ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m v\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fang so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m sai s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m.\u00a0Th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt,\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 duy nh\u1ea5t khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec sai s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: sai s\u1ed1 chu\u1ea9n s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m t th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y &#8220;c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea&#8221; &#8221; k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.\u00a0Bob<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ben Wilbrink<\/u><\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a Cronbach&#8217;s alpha (ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng) l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>David J. Hughes<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Manchester<\/p>\n<p>Cho r\u1eb1ng Cronbach&#8217;s alpha v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c, n\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hai &#8211; kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tham chi\u1ebfu.\u00a0L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng h\u01a1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00edt h\u01a1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u00e3y tr\u00e1nh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thang \u0111o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thang \u0111o tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m m\u1ee5c ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef hay kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 Cronbahch th\u1ea5p v\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 \u00edt ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 cho m\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Floris W Kraaimaat<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Radboud<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, trong m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf, alpha l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec n\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 g\u00ec, khi n\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb x\u00f3a kh\u1ecfi m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Andreas Cordes<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen<\/p>\n<p>Tze th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn,<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u00a0B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba hay b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t B\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1eb5n?<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Antonino Callea<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc LUMSA Maria SS.\u00a0Assunta di Roma<\/p>\n<p>George v\u00e0 Mallery (2003) \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i sau c\u1ee7a Cronbach&#8217;s alpha: &gt; .9 \u2013 Xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, .8 \u2013 T\u1ed1t, &gt; .7 \u2013 Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, &gt; .6 \u2013 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi v\u1ea5n, &gt; .5 \u2013 K\u00e9m v\u00e0 &lt; .5 \u2013 Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d (tr. 231).\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach&#8217;s alpha c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 0,6 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,7 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn.\u00a0Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u00ean quan nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach\u2019s alpha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 m\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung.\u00a0Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a t\u00f4i th\u00ec t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n v\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng thang \u0111o c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng SEM, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch khi ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (Rho), theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Cronbach&#8217;s alpha h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>5 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Carmen L Rivera-Medina<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Puerto Rico \u1edf Rio Piedras<\/p>\n<p>Khi b\u1ea1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Kline v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi x\u1eed l\u00fd thang \u0111o l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai m\u1ee5c cho m\u1ed7i thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean.\u00a0C\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea1n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi con c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n (tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ri\u00eang l\u1ebb hay kh\u00f4ng) .<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 m\u1ee5c.\u00a0Theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111ang n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo quy tr\u00ecnh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin.\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y hay ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.\u00a0C\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang c\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch hay c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ec9nh?\u00a0B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m theo \u0111\u00fang quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thang \u0111o ch\u01b0a?\u00a0(Robert Devellis c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hay v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quy m\u00f4).\u00a0S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi) ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 40 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 (m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1eabu v\u1edbi 40 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia), M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Rasch ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho bi\u1ebft cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o theo th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0Ch\u1ea1y alpha l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 khi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho ch\u00fang ta khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra.\u00a0T\u00f4i xin l\u1ed7i,\u00a0nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n khi t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay ch\u01b0a ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu.\u00a0C\u00f3, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec Bob \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec5u (l\u1ed7i) v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef l\u1ed7i m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0nh\u01b0 Bob \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec5u (l\u1ed7i) v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef l\u1ed7i m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0nh\u01b0 Bob \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec5u (l\u1ed7i) v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef l\u1ed7i m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Luis Cid<\/u><\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n B\u00e1ch khoa Santar\u00e9m<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00e0o Tze,<\/p>\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n<p>1) Cronbach&#8217;s alpha l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf tr\u00ean 0,70 (Nunnally, 1978).\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u1ea7n 0,60 (Hair, et al., 2006), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u1ee5c.\u00a0B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c &lt; .60;\u00a0k\u00e9m 0,60-0,69;\u00a0ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 0,70-0,79;\u00a0t\u1ed1t 0,80-0,89;\u00a0xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc &gt; 0,89.<\/p>\n<p>2) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 2 bi\u1ebfn quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng 1 bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (Brown, 2006; Kline, 2005).\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u g\u1ed3m 3 m\u00f3n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec n\u00ean c\u00f3 4 m\u00f3n th\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n (Hair, et al., 2006).<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u:<\/p>\n<p>Nunnally, JC (1978).\u00a0L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.\u00a0New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.<\/p>\n<p>Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., &amp; Tatham, R. (2006).\u00a0Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111a bi\u1ebfn (t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 6).\u00a0New Jersey: Pearson Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Inc.<\/p>\n<p>Brown, T. (2006).\u00a0Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0New York: Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Guiford.<\/p>\n<p>Kline, R. (2005).\u00a0Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 2).\u00a0New York: Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Guilford.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau:<\/p>\n<p>Worthington, R., &amp; Whittaker, T. (2006).\u00a0Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quy m\u00f4.\u00a0Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hay nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, 34(6), 806-838.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ayu Dwi Nindyati<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Pancasila<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00e0o Tze,<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200br\u1eb1ng hai m\u1ee5c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.\u00a0N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea7m th\u00ec cronbach alpha s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00eam igem c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0Nunnaly 1978, Kaplan v\u00e0 Saccuzo, 2005 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng alpha cronbach c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.\u00a0T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kaplan v\u00e0 saccuzo n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng alpha&#8230;. v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fac may m\u1eafn v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1<\/p>\n<p>Ayu<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ronan Michael Conroy<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng gia \u1edf Ireland<\/p>\n<p>Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha 0,7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thang \u0111o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0: truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.\u00a0N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Lance (Lance CE, Butts MM, Michels LC. Ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ti\u00eau ch\u00ed gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i g\u00ec? Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. 2006 1 th\u00e1ng 4; 9 (2): 202\u2013 20.)<\/p>\n<p>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1978 c\u1ee7a Nunally th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng &#8220;m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&#8230; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady.&#8221; t\u1eeb 0,70 tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7&#8230;. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady \u1edf m\u1ee9c 0,80 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cao.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>80 Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Nigel E Turner<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Trung t\u00e2m cai nghi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebeU b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 thang \u0111o g\u1ed3m 3 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p cronbach alpha, th\u00ec t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 thang \u0111o g\u1ed3m 2 m\u1ee5c&#8230; \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thang \u0111o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hai bi\u1ebfn &#8212; m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.\u00a0Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thang \u0111o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hay thang \u0111o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1.\u00a0N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n xem x\u00e9t gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi \u00edt h\u01a1n 4 m\u1ee5c (5 m\u1ee5c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n).\u00a0L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu 40 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n<p>L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng alpha th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p (suy gi\u1ea3m) n\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a thang \u0111o nh\u1ecf (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 2, 3 4).<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Samuel T. McAbee<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bowling Green State<\/p>\n<p>Ron\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang.\u00a0T\u00f4i khuy\u00ean b\u1ea1n n\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan trung b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c &#8211; t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 0,2 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,5 (v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n).\u00a0C\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha cao ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung m\u1ee5c d\u01b0 th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n<p>Xem th\u00eam: Clark, LA, &amp; Watson, D. (1995).\u00a0X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb: Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thang \u0111o kh\u00e1ch quan.\u00a0\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, 7, 309-319.\u00a0doi: 10.1037\/1040-3590.7.3.309<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fac may m\u1eafn!<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Rakesh Pandey<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Banaras Hindu<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00e0o Tze,<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 Antonino Callea v\u00e0 Luis Cid \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn r\u1eb1ng alpha c\u1ee7a .7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n tr\u00ean m\u1eabu nh\u1ecf (N=40) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u1eabu l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ee3i \u00fd hay nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao v\u1edbi m\u1eabu l\u1edbn th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng.\u00a0V\u00ec h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n b\u00ean trong n\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p duy nh\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y ki\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i sai l\u1ec7ch (kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u0111a bi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n (lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5).\u00a0T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng, sau khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i tr\u00ean th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eed x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn SPSS cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng (n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh).\u00a0Sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u1edbi t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng sau khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>N\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi th\u1eed quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00f3i tr\u00ean th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eed \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 sau khi hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o.\u00a0Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00e2m l\u00fd\/tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m l\u00fd ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady mang l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Sau khi s\u1eeda c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan do \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ma tr\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng SEM v\u1edbi AMOS th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ma tr\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ma tr\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan cho AMOS.<\/p>\n<p><u>http:\/\/amosdevelopment.com\/support\/faq\/enter_sample_correlations.htm<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady k\u00e9m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau khi c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Soren Ventegodt<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Cronbach&#8217;s alfa ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p khi b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed1t n\u00ean thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ho\u1eb7c t\u00e2m l\u00fd li\u00ean quan;\u00a0b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u Q n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng trong b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y.\u00a0N\u00f3i chung, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed1t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi;\u00a0trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 Cronbach&#8217;s alfa ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p th\u1eed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Robert T Brooks<\/u><\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Alpha c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n h\u01b0\u1edbng, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n SEM \u1edf tr\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p th\u1eed th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cung c\u1ea5p \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady<\/p>\n<p>Alpha l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady, c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn SEM c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng cung c\u1ea5p \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh cao h\u01a1n<\/p>\n<p>Alpha ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee5c, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 alpha cao h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o ra \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n<\/p>\n<p>m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y h\u1eefu \u00edch l\u00e0<\/p>\n<p>Cortina 1993 H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Alpha J c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Dominic Beaulieu-Pr\u00e9vost<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thang \u0111o likert, t\u00f4i khuy\u00ean b\u1ea1n n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thang \u0111o th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 alpha thay v\u00ec thang \u0111o Cronbach truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (\u00a0<u>http:\/\/pareonline.net\/pdf\/v17n3.pdf<\/u>\u00a0).\u00a0N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00ec Cronbach&#8217;s alpha c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u1edbi thang \u0111o th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Don Munro<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Newcastle, \u00dac<\/p>\n<p>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc &#8216;m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3&#8217; v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha &#8216;t\u1ed1t&#8217; l\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch.\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o kh\u00e1c ( th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o &#8216;\u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao&#8217;) hay \u0111ang nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ( th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o &#8216;b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng cao&#8217;).\u00a0N\u1ebfu sau n\u00e0y, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi trung b\u00ecnh (gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed l\u00e0 0,5-0,6) l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ec3 &#8211; th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec cao h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang n\u1eafm b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac qu\u00e1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed mang t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>lu&#8217;luatul Chizanah<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Gadjah Mada<\/p>\n<p>xin ch\u00e0o Tze, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Samuel McAbee r\u1eb1ng &#8216;trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha cao ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m d\u01b0 th\u1eeba&#8217;, \u0111i\u1ec3m alpha kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cao v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu.\u00a0t\u00f4i khuy\u00ean b\u1ea1n n\u00ean th\u1eed ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i m\u1ee5c.\u00a0n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho m\u1eabu v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p \u0111o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n hay ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u0111a (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: trong b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng), v.v.<\/p>\n<p>l\u1eddi ch\u00fac t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Sandro Sperandei<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y Sydney<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bao gi\u1edd th\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111a bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a?\u00a0B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Rakesh Pandey<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Banaras Hindu<\/p>\n<p>Sau khi xem qua ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng trong v\u00f2ng 24 gi\u1edd qua, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sau.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chung \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p.\u00a0N\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan trung b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n Alpha.\u00a0T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m trong khi c\u00e1i sau th\u00ec c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic, alpha l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a Spearman Brown v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan trung b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa n\u00f3 v\u1edbi v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m trong \u0111\u00f3 N l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m.\u00a0Alpha ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan trung b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ea3 hai s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n<li>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 alpha cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba.\u00a0T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c trong khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng thang \u0111o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau trong c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c.\u00a0N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c trong thang \u0111o m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u1ed1t.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thang \u0111o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o li\u1ec7u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed cao.\u00a0M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0o l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cho bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 theo n\u1ed9i dung ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian.\u00a0T\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thang \u0111o (n\u00f3i chung) r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.\u00a0M\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Furguson \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bl\u00e2u (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thang \u0111o c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho thang \u0111o \u0111a s\u1eafc b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a RG.\u00a0Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8216;delta&#8217;.\u00a0T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean danh d\u1ef1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh Excel.\u00a0Li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p><u>https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/post\/Is_there_any_software_or_SPSS_macro_to_compute_delta<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chung ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o v\u00ec n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.\u00a0Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tham s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 beta (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u00f3i i-clust c\u1ee7a R ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y), \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c vi ph\u00e2n, t\u00ednh chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o, v.v. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.\u00a0T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a thang \u0111o l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n, s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.\u00a0Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y cao tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng trong khi \u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Simon Moon<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc La Salle<\/p>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u1ed1t.\u00a0Xin l\u01b0u \u00fd m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u.\u00a0B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp n\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i, b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao.\u00a0Ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng SEM \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u00e0o.\u00a0Gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Jisoo Ock<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Pusan<\/p>\n<p>Xin ch\u00e0o,<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea1n lo l\u1eafng.\u00a0V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o cho m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u1eabu n\u00e0y sang m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\u00a0Hy v\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1eefu \u00edch!<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Simon Moon<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc La Salle<\/p>\n<p>Jisoo,<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ph\u1ea3n tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng &#8220;c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd&#8221; v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.\u00a0N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c trong th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0,7 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha th\u00ec h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh do sai s\u00f3t.\u00a0T\u00f4i t\u00f2 m\u00f2 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd.\u00a0C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i do lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o do t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bao ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c trong th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Jisoo Ock<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Pusan<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00e0o b\u00e1c s\u0129 Moon,<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o cho m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0B\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do sai s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 &#8220;\u00e2m thanh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p&#8221;, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c.\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u01a1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a alpha.\u00a0Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00ean quan t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t trong ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed3i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng!<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Robert Thomas Brennan<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng Boston<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\u00a0N\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\u00a0Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1.\u00a0Cronbach&#8217;s alpha l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0M\u1ed9t m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c.\u00a0Tr\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd cho b\u1ea1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c.\u00a0T\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u00e2m thanh t\u00e2m l\u00fd.\u00a0\u0110\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 l\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sai s\u1ed1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u00ec sai s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft.\u00a0N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n so v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt sai s\u00f3t h\u01a1n.\u00a0B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 \u00edt ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o.\u00a0Th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.\u00a0T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu n\u1ed9i dung k\u00e9m.\u00a0Bob\u00a0Th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.\u00a0T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu n\u1ed9i dung k\u00e9m.\u00a0Bob\u00a0Th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.\u00a0T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu n\u1ed9i dung k\u00e9m.\u00a0Bob<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu Yeves<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile<\/p>\n<p>Xin ch\u00e0o,<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n.\u00a0Jose M. Cortina (1993).\u00a0H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Alpha l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u00a0Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Rosa Maria Albuquerque Freire<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto<\/p>\n<p>N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch: Jose M. Cortina (1993).\u00a0H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Alpha l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u00a0Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Rakesh Pandey<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Banaras Hindu<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo \u0111i\u1ec3m (c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o) thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 do l\u1ed7i l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu n\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.\u00a0Sai s\u1ed1 chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p \u0111o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00a0H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra ho\u1eb7c thang \u0111o n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 (c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a thang \u0111o ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a.\u00a0T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00ec l\u1ed7i l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean,<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Reynaldo Rocha-Ch\u00e1vez<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\u00a0B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p.\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 alpha t\u1eeb 0,900 ho\u1eb7c cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kalaya Yar<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Loei Rajabhat<\/p>\n<p>kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 2 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1eed tr\u00ean 30 ho\u1eb7c 40 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra Cronbach alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,70 tr\u1edf l\u00ean 0,70<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Simon Moon<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc La Salle<\/p>\n<p>L\u00fd do ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o.\u00a0Hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi n\u1ed9i dung h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n).\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u1ea5t khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c (nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ban \u0111\u1ea7u) v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o.\u00a0Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1c (li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5\/ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n.\u00a0V\u00ec th\u1ebf,\u00a0\u01b0u ti\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y.\u00a0\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady t\u1eeb khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.\u00a0Ch\u00fang n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.\u00a0\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang kh\u00f4ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Andreas Cordes<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch khi l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch alpha (v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady n\u00f3i chung) ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u00e9p \u0111o c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n (nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c \u0111o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t &#8220;\u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c&#8221; v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp).\u00a0Trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, mong mu\u1ed1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p th\u1eed c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha \u0111\u1ee7 cao.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00edt li\u00ean quan h\u01a1n.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1c M\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady s\u1ebd th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, v\u00ec &#8220;\u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c&#8221; c\u1ee7a &#8220;bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n&#8221; m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i M\u1ee5c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd kh\u00e1c nhau. .\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch.\u00a0H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c M\u1ee5c nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n nh\u01b0 h\u1ecfng phanh, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u1ed5n, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ed5n, v.v. C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o h\u1eefu \u00edch cho ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4 t\u00f4.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u00e2m l\u00fd\/QOL\/v.v., kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 &#8220;\u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c&#8221; c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Simon Moon<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc La Salle<\/p>\n<p>Andreas,<\/p>\n<p>Xin h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i l\u00e0m r\u00f5.\u00a0C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0110\u00fang trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n.\u00a0Ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng.\u00a0C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng alpha ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady h\u1eefu \u00edch trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u00a0Trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n.\u00a0Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng &#8216;kh\u00e1c&#8217;.\u00a0V\u00e0 trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 alpha th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady kh\u00e1c.\u00a0T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac alpha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ronan Michael Conroy<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng gia \u1edf Ireland<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Andreas.\u00a0Alpha kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu thang \u0111o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady).\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thang \u0111o, nh\u01b0 Andreas ch\u1ec9 ra, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111a chi\u1ec1u.\u00a0Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ai \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 alpha cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.\u00a0N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u1ea5y thang \u0111o tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 Beck, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1n \u0103n, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7.\u00a0N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 mi\u1ec1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Simon Moon<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc La Salle<\/p>\n<p>Ronan,<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0o v\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Tze.\u00a0Anh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.\u00a0C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n cho SUBSCALES c\u00f3 4-9 m\u1ee5c cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eefa c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thang \u0111o \u0111a chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n alpha.\u00a0Khi th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5, alpha t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (coi m\u1ed7i thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c; Helms v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2006) l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.\u00a0Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, alpha t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd cho b\u1ea1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi alpha khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Andreas Cordes<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Ronan, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111a chi\u1ec1u.\u00a0Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t H\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c duy nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0Alpha (t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o.\u00a0Trong thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u00e9p \u0111o c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ri\u00eang l\u1ebb s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy cho ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n.\u00a0Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea1n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p (trong cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n.\u00a0C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai ri\u00eang l\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a &#8220;t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan n\u1ebfu t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c sao ch\u00e9p c\u00f3 chung th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac giai th\u1eeba ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n<p>Li\u1ec7u Tze th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi con \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai c\u1ee7a M\u1ee5c ri\u00eang l\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 3 b\u1ed9 m\u1ee5c, d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.\u00a0Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu anh ta, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 tinh ch\u1ec9nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 anh ta c\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 anh ta s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p \u0111o.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Andreas Cordes<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen<\/p>\n<p>Simon,<\/p>\n<p>\u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang.\u00a0C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Bi\u1ebfn|T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con|C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<p>Tze, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, bao g\u1ed3m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 4+7+9 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 m\u1ee5c, m\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, trung gian, bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Loretta Secco<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc New Brunswick<\/p>\n<p>Xin ch\u00e0o<\/p>\n<p>Khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i (xin l\u1ed7i h\u01a1i mu\u1ed9n), t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c thang \u0111o con c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u KMO c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu hay kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 alpha tr\u00ean thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5 v\u1edbi thang \u0111o 3 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.\u00a0Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau hay kh\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Lee Branum-Martin<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc bang Georgia<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 &#8220;\u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady&#8221;.\u00a0H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.\u00a0T\u00f4i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin:<\/p>\n<p>Sijtsma, K. (2009).\u00a0V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu \u00edch r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Cronbach&#8217;s alpha.\u00a0T\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, 74(1), 107-120.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Dale R. Pietrzak<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vincennes<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng Cronbach&#8217;s alpha th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.\u00a0T\u1ea1i sao nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n theo m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do sai.\u00a0b\u1ed9 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c theo thang \u0111o Likert v\u1edbi thang \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb 1-5 l\u00e0 3 (ho\u1eb7c 5, v.v.) nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0Cronbach&#8217;s alpha s\u1ebd cao nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng.\u00a0H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach&#8217;s alpha th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i nh\u00f3m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.\u00a0\u00dd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u00e1n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 n\u00f3.\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi n\u00f3.\u00a0C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c.\u00a0T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y.\u00a0C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady\/t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.\u00a0C\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo th\u1eddi gian (\u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i) c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p>Trong CTT &#8220;gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trong th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy cho \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady b\u1eb1ng 0,5 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u00e0 do l\u1ed7i . \u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u00e0 0,8 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 80% kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 20% sai s\u1ed1. v\u00e2n v\u00e2n.&#8221;\u00a0(\u00a0<u>http:\/\/www.socialresearchmethods.net\/kb\/reliablt.php<\/u>) .\u00a0Bao nhi\u00eau trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n?\u00a0N\u00f3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn sai s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p \u0111o d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5.\u00a0&#8220;M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 0,70.&#8221;\u00a0(Nunnally &amp; Bernstein, L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 3, trang 264).\u00a0Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng &#8211; trong thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chung l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec3n sinh ho\u1eb7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady =\/&gt; .90 v\u1edbi =\/&gt; .80 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00e1c.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u00eam kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 lung lay.<\/p>\n<p>Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0: B\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u00a0(L\u00e2m s\u00e0ng &#8211; b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u?);\u00a0Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft?;\u00a0L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 (b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc)?<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Furr &amp; Bacharach (2008), T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc: Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<u>http:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=2&amp;cad=rja&amp;ved=0CDcQFjAB&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Ftesting.wisc.edu%2FReliability.pdf&amp;ei=iTpUUbCdJOOEygGIpICADA&amp;usg=AFQjCNFturVRNzUGHrHc7_bcldj Q3rBGyQ&amp; bvm\u00a0=bv.44342787,d.aWc<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Rakesh Pandey<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Banaras Hindu<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Dale Pietrzak r\u1eb1ng alpha l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u00a0T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady kh\u00e1c.\u00a0H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady r\u1ea5t cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p alpha (nh\u01b0 Dale Pietrzak \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra) t\u1eadp ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: xu h\u01b0\u1edbng trung t\u00e2m) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao (alpha) nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai th\u1ef1c trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1. ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai.\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mang l\u1ea1i alpha r\u1ea5t cao nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o.<\/p>\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady kh\u00e1c (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m tra-ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i), gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u00ec trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m-ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n.\u00a0N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3m tra-ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t cao th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o (c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac).<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y.\u00a0Trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa hai th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o cho \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady k\u00e9m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y .<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kim T Ng<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Monash (\u00dac)<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0o h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach alpha.\u00a0C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady\/N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai trong \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c theo gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.\u00a0Trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach alpha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i.\u00a0Theo t\u00f4i nh\u1edb, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tranh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 0,7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach alpha, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c trong b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5: hai m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 0,9.\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra-ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra hai m\u1ee5c, n\u1ebfu m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00fang.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00e3y l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Dale R. Pietrzak<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vincennes<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n, v\u00ec Rakesh ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng.\u00a0V\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3m tra cao ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n n\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.\u00a0N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y.\u00a0S\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng cao h\u01a1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, t kh\u00e1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra-ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i cao.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0B\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong CTT \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n sai s\u1ed1 \u0111o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0N\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra (c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi) l\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00ec t\u00f4i l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u1ea5t cho b\u1ea1n trong khi n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 trong l\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u00ec ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi.\u00a0C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Curran Noirin<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Logitech, N\u00fat chai, Ireland<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0Trong Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111a bi\u1ebfn: Ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (2010) c\u1ee7a Hair v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean c\u00f3 &#8220;t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ba m\u1ee5c cho m\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bao ph\u1ee7 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Cronbach&#8217;s Alpha, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ron\u00e1n Conroy r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\u00a0T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa Hair v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb 0,60 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,70 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d, v\u00e0 theo nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i nh\u1edb th\u00ec S\u1ed5 tay Ki\u1ec3m tra T\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Kline tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p coi tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 0,7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Cronbach&#8217;s alpha l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong tay.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Dale R. Pietrzak<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vincennes<\/p>\n<p>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chung v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee5c cho m\u1ed9t thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o (kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n) v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra.\u00a0Trong CTT, n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi 10-16.\u00a0Xem Nunnally et al.\u00a0t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0Trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m\/IRT ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00edt h\u01a1n.\u00a0T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 Hair et al.\u00a0T\u00f4i nh\u1edb l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, t\u00f4i \u0111o\u00e1n h\u1ecd \u0111ang th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng SEM.\u00a0T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ba th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o cho m\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i m\u1edbi d\u1ea1y t\u1eeb v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Robert T Brooks<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Ba m\u1ee5c cho m\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o trong SEM xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng cho y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c,<\/p>\n<p>ba m\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, 4 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 do<\/p>\n<p>Hai m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kalaya Yar<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Loei Rajabhat<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn Robert Brooks v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Dale R. Pietrzak<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vincennes<\/p>\n<p>Trong SEM, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m.\u00a0Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Satyendra Nath Chakrabartty<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh doanh Galgotias (GBS)<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady.\u00a0Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady.\u00a0C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra.\u00a0T\u00f4i hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean n\u00f3.\u00a0Ai l\u00e0m theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh nh\u00e9<\/p>\n<p>SNChakrabartty, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh doanh Galgotias, Greater Noida, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Marc Haspeslagh<\/u><\/p>\n<p>AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u00ean, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb xem l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i b\u00e1o t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0T\u00f4i \u0111o\u00e1n, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 IRT kh\u00f4ng tham s\u1ed1.\u00a0CatPCA s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c danh m\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng m\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c n\u00f3i chung d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.\u00a0IRT kh\u00f4ng tham s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n<p>Haspeslagh, M., Eeckloo, K., &amp; Delesie, L. (2012) X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi: N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a y t\u00e1 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m.\u00a0T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, 17(5), 438-452.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Rakesh Pandey<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Banaras Hindu<\/p>\n<p>@ Satyebdra, b\u1ea1n vui l\u00f2ng chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.\u00a0V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc (theo CTT), n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai th\u1ef1c HO\u1eb6C 1 tr\u1eeb \u0111i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai sai s\u1ed1.\u00a0V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 sai.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111ang tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 th\u00ec t\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y.\u00a0T\u00f4i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng trong {Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o t\u00e2m l\u00fd&#8221; c\u1ee7a Guilford, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ANIOVA v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kia d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Azubuike Victor Chukwuka<\/u><\/p>\n<p>C\u01a1 quan Th\u1ef1c thi Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ed1c gia (NESREA)<\/p>\n<p>Theo de Vaus (2002), s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee5c c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Cronbach&#8217;s alpha kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Imam Salehudin<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Indonesia<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i CH\u1ec8 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Cronbach&#8217;s alpha \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n<p>Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft b\u1ea1n n\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sai s\u1ed1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn cho t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 1-(sai s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh);\u00a0trong khi \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 0,7 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00f4i.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c THE (t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o).<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>7 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Rakesh Pandey<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Banaras Hindu<\/p>\n<p>K\u00ednh g\u1eedi Imam<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o file word v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ednh k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0Hi v\u1ecdng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ai theo d\u00f5i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Imam Salehudin<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Indonesia<\/p>\n<p>@ Rakesh: C\u1ea3m \u01a1n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd.\u00a0T\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111\u00ednh k\u00e8m c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>a.doc<\/u><\/p>\n<p>26,62 KB<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Azubuike Victor Chukwuka<\/u><\/p>\n<p>C\u01a1 quan Th\u1ef1c thi Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ed1c gia (NESREA)<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n hai \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng alpha l\u00ean tr\u00ean 0,7 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn n\u1ebfu c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.\u00a0Alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Don th\u1ecbt x\u00f4ng kh\u00f3i<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Denver<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,70, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu l\u1edbn.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (xem Bacon 2004 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi).\u00a0N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng coi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 0,70 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u00e0i b\u00e1o.\u00a0\u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Imam Salehudin v\u1ec1 CFA l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t hay.\u00a0Trong CFA, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o.\u00a0Nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o kh\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n Cronbach&#8217;s alpha (xem Bacon, 1995).<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ecbt x\u00f4ng kh\u00f3i, DR (2004).\u00a0S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.\u00a0\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u &amp; \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, 9(3).\u00a0C\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u1eeb\u00a0<u>http:\/\/PAREonline.net\/getvn.asp?v=9&amp;n=3<\/u>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>Bacon, DR, Sauer, P., &amp; Young, M. (1995).\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.\u00a0\u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 T\u00e2m l\u00fd, 55 (3) 394-406.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Alberto Mirisola<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc degli Studi di Palermo<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, Cronbach&#8217;s alpha c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 omega m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y xem \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft hay v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n<p>Dunn, T., Baguley, T., &amp; Brunsden, V. (2013, tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed).\u00a0T\u1eeb alpha \u0111\u1ebfn omega: M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.\u00a0T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Anh.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Don th\u1ecbt x\u00f4ng kh\u00f3i<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Denver<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 omega ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thang \u0111o v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac hay kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0Omega c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong h\u1ed3i quy.\u00a0Xem tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Bacon, Sauer, Young (1995) trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Gregor Socan<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ljubljana<\/p>\n<p>@Alberto: T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng omega m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n alpha.\u00a0Omega y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh (m\u1ed9t) y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, trong khi alpha ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi.\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa alpha v\u00e0 omega ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng: l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n-&gt; alpha, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n-&gt; omega.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Gregor Socan<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ljubljana<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u201comega th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n alpha\u201d.\u00a0Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o?\u00a0Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u1ea3 hai h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0Omega d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 + ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng 0, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra, tr\u1eeb khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc).\u00a0Alpha d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean CTT (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady, tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb9.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng alpha th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n omega, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 lambda-2 c\u1ee7a Guttman: \u00edt nh\u1ea5t Lord v\u00e0 Novick (1968) \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n cao h\u01a1n lambda-3 (=alpha), nh\u01b0ng theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai.\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n alpha.<\/p>\n<p>Alpha c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0m v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n): h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u00f5, \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u1ed9i l\u1edbp v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00f3i chung, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng alpha c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn\/s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.\u00a0Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 *a* th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i *th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o* \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Luis Fernando D\u00edaz Vilela<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc La Laguna<\/p>\n<p>Revelle c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t so s\u00e1nh minh h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady trong\u00a0<u>https:\/\/personality-project.org\/r\/book\/Chapter7.pdf<\/u>\u00a0.\u00a0\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf trang 227 v\u00e0 228, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a alpha v\u00e0 omega (th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1).<\/p>\n<p>Theo \u0111\u00f3, omega th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n v\u00ec c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: Th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc cao v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ea5p khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n;\u00a0ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 cao khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t sinh.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00edch omega h\u01a1n alpha, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi hai ho\u1eb7c ba bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1, n\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 &#8220;s\u0103n ru\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng h\u1ebbm n\u00fai&#8221;.\u00a0Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00ean b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c R b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ronan Michael Conroy<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng gia \u1edf Ireland<\/p>\n<p>Luis: cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1.\u00a0c\u1ea3m \u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u!\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra trong m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\u00a0Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 alpha hay omega hay th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf gi\u1eefa\u2026<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Gregor Socan<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ljubljana<\/p>\n<p>@Luis: T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 omega, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng omega th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n alpha (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf).\u00a0Theo \u0111\u00f3, omega c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft b\u1ed5 sung v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u &#8211; t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, alpha kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u.\u00a0M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh chi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a omega.\u00a0X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, omega d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 FA s\u1ebd cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn sai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.\u00a0Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 \u201cOmega c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n alpha kh\u00f4ng?\u201d\u00a0ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n coi CTT l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh (nh\u01b0 McDonald, 1999).\u00a0M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n coi hai c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n; xem Borsboom, 2009 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n), th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa t\u00e1o v\u00e0 cam.\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi IMO, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u00fd ngh\u0129a khi so s\u00e1nh c\u1ea3 hai h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Christian Gaden Jensen<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Copenhagen<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, c\u1ea3m \u01a1n.\u00a0T\u00f4i \u0111ang x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u00ed nh\u1edb b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i m\u1edbi v\u1edbi 8 m\u1ee5c trong m\u1ed7i thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, trung t\u00ednh).\u00a0Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m 137 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.\u00a0B\u1ea1n khuy\u00ean b\u1ea1n n\u00ean xem x\u00e9t t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng thang \u0111o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o &#8211; v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 8 &#8216;m\u1ee5c&#8217;?\u00a0C\u1ea3m \u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kenneth A Wallston<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vanderbilt<\/p>\n<p>Christian: C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eebng thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u00a0Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb?\u00a0C\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh?\u00a0V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u00ed nh\u1edb n\u00ean t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 \u1edf thang \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1edb \u201cch\u00ednh x\u00e1c\u201d.\u00a0C\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fd do h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o t\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5: danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe hi\u1ebfm khi nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m-ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Christian Gaden Jensen<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Copenhagen<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea3m \u01a1n b\u1ea1n, Kenneth.\u00a024 m\u1ee5c (8 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, 8 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, 8 trung t\u00ednh) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n \u00e2m ti\u1ebft (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: &#8216;leg&#8217; cho trung t\u00ednh, &#8216;kill&#8217; cho ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, &#8216;Kiss&#8217; cho t\u00edch c\u1ef1c).\u00a0Danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb 5 l\u1ea7n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu h\u1ed3i ngay sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n.\u00a0Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch g\u00e2y xao l\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i, sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i danh s\u00e1ch m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3.\u00a0C\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong 30 ph\u00fat, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m thu h\u1ed3i danh s\u00e1ch m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh.\u00a0C\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Rey (RAVLT), c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc danh s\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m x\u00fac.\u00a0-T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n nghe c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5 (hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5) v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?\u00a0C\u1ea3m \u01a1n b\u1ea1n, Kenneth!<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Cameron Paul Hurst<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y t\u1ebf Queensland<\/p>\n<p>@Ronan.\u00a0T\u00d4I HO\u00c0N TO\u00c0N \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n NH\u01afNG<\/p>\n<p>99% ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m alpha 0,65 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, \u0110\u1eb6C BI\u1ec6T trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n?<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u1ec9 ra truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u (v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n) T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u con s\u1ed1 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0.\u00a0Cohens&#8217; Kappa l\u00e0 0,7, ICC=0,7, RSMEA -0,06 (ho\u1eb7c 0,05).\u00a0GFI, CFI TFI &gt;-.9 (ho\u1eb7c &gt;0,95) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong SEM v\u00e0 CFA&#8230;&#8230; V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu nh\u00fac nh\u00edch n\u00e0y ??? ?<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn p&lt;0,05 kh\u00f4ng?????<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kenneth A Wallston<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vanderbilt<\/p>\n<p>Trinjhna: Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thang \u0111o v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 (trong \u0111\u00f3 thang \u0111o th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3).\u00a0C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n n\u00ean t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 &#8220;T\u00f4i c\u00f3 l\u00fd do h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c) trong th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3ng 0,2 &#8211; 0,5) v\u1edbi nhau kh\u00f4ng?&#8221;\u00a0N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 &#8220;C\u00f3&#8221; th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\u00a0N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 &#8220;Kh\u00f4ng&#8221; th\u00ec \u0111\u1eebng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 l\u00fd do n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng?\u00a0C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i,\u00a0\u0111\u1eebng ngh\u0129 v\u1eady (nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i).\u00a0Linh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 trong s\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm.\u00a0Ch\u00fac may m\u1eafn v\u00e0 vui l\u00f2ng cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1eefu \u00edch.\u00a0Ken<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kenneth A Wallston<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vanderbilt<\/p>\n<p>Christian: B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u00e2m ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u0103m l\u1ea7n cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, s\u1ebd cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady hay kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0S\u1ebd c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cao t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n th\u1eed n\u00e0y sang l\u1ea7n th\u1eed kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 trong m\u1ed7i danh s\u00e1ch?\u00a0Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00e1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady n\u00e0o v\u00e0 h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.\u00a0T\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c h\u01a1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady sau n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n).\u00a0Ken<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Dale R. Pietrzak<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vincennes<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p\/c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn.\u00a0T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng khai th\u00e1c t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c.\u00a0\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau th\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.\u00a0L\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng.\u00a0\u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng.\u00a0N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i theo th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t.\u00a0C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1eefu \u00edch, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Dale R. Pietrzak<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vincennes<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i suy ngh\u0129 b\u1ed5 sung.\u00a0H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y.\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i coi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc danh s\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a &#8220;ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n&#8221; n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n.\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c (vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc danh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9).\u00a0Th\u1ee9 hai, nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 b\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng.\u00a0V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm ra \u00fd ngh\u0129a chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c trong m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u00a0C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh IRT v\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean,\u00a0trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nhi\u1ec1u thang \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Christian Gaden Jensen<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Copenhagen<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea3m \u01a1n b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, Kenneth.\u00a0N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\u00a0T\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u1eddi gian cho \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, v\u00ec v\u1eady th\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb khi th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t, v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea3m \u01a1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa.\u00a0T\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3!\u00a0\ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n<p>Chr.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Rahul Pratap Singh Kaurav<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd FORE<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t hay v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u1ea1.\u00a0T\u00f4i c\u0169ng xin chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong lu\u1eadn v\u0103n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: Kaurav, RPS (2013).\u00a0\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a marketing n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh doanh.\u00a0Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1\u00a0lu\u1eadn \u00e1n.\u00a0Gwalior, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jiwaji.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Nunnally (1978) khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Cronbach alpha) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c. Churchill v\u00e0 Peter (1984) \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha. Theo h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,60 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n. Nunnally (1978; 1988) ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb alpha l\u00e0 0,60, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec 0,70 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thang \u0111o n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u00e0 0,60 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thang \u0111o (thang \u0111o t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n).&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng,<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Christian Gaden Jensen<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Copenhagen<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch, c\u1ea3m \u01a1n Rahul.\u00a0B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e1n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o cho Churchill v\u00e0 Peter (1984) v\u00e0 Nunally (1988) &#8211; c\u1ea3m \u01a1n!<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Rahul Pratap Singh Kaurav<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd FORE<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea3m \u01a1n Christian, vui l\u00f2ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o \u1edf tr\u00ean cho bi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n<p>Churchill Jr, GA, &amp; Peter, JP (1984).\u00a0Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a thang \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1: m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p.\u00a0T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb, 360-375.<\/p>\n<p>Nunnally, JC (1978).\u00a0L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.\u00a0New York: Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p>Nunnally, JC (1988).\u00a0L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.\u00a0New Jersey: McGraw-Hill, V\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 Englewood.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Rahul Pratap Singh Kaurav<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd FORE<\/p>\n<p>Nunnally, JC (1978).\u00a0L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.\u00a0New York: Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n<p>Nunnally, JC (1988).\u00a0L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.\u00a0New Jersey: McGraw-Hill, V\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1 Englewood.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Christian Gaden Jensen<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Copenhagen<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea3m \u01a1n b\u1ea1n, Rahul, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa!<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Alden Gross<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y t\u1ebf C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng Johns Hopkins Bloomberg<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu x\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 2, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 2 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn.\u00a0\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm th\u00eam c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhau.\u00a0Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u00e3y suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n quan t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u01a1n: b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111a chi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m.\u00a0Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thang \u0111o \u0111a chi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quan t\u00e2m.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5: l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 &#8220;Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3o h\u00f3a&#8221;.\u00a0Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.\u00a0C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 l\u00e3o h\u00f3a.\u00a0C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, ai \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Sajjad Ali<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Malakand<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00f4ng tin r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e0n con&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;..<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Andrew Bateman<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Essex<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Fisher r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u00a0<u>http:\/\/www.rasch.org\/rmt\/rmt221i.htm<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Frederick L Philippe<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al<\/p>\n<p>C\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c Cronbach&#8217;s alpha ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee5c.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00edt m\u1ee5c h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn alpha th\u1ea5p, trong khi nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c s\u1ebd t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c thang \u0111o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u1ee5c (3 \u0111\u1ebfn 6) s\u1ebd cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 alpha th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>5 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Robert T Brooks<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Xin ch\u00e0o, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c \u00edt h\u01a1n 6 \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111a \u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Cronbach&#8217;s alpha, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 7 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111a \u00e2m t\u0103ng alpha l\u00ean t\u1edbi 0,2 ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n, chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u thang \u0111o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh thang \u0111o \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc<\/p>\n<p>t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o Gaderman Anne M et al 2012 \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i lo\u1ea1i likert v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u &amp; \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>6 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Serge A Kornilov<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7n sinh h\u1ecdc h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thay th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.\u00a0CFA v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 li\u00ean quan l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.\u00a0C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nhanh GS s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ea1n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c (tham gia SEMNET listserv c\u0169ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u)<\/p>\n<p><u>http:\/\/jpa.sagepub.com\/content\/29\/4\/377.short<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Jean-Pierre Rolland<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris Nanterre<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y xem McCrae, Kurtz, Yamagata, &amp; Terracciano (2011), T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a thang \u0111o t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch.\u00a0Pers Soc Psychol Review, Th\u00e1ng Hai, 15, 1, 28-50.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Jean-Pierre Rolland<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris Nanterre<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n<p><u>http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2927808\/<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Pers Soc Psychol Rev. B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3;\u00a0c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong PMC ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2011.<\/p>\n<p>Pers Soc Psychol Rev. Th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2011;\u00a015(1): 28\u201350.<\/p>\n<p>Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2010. doi: 10.1177\/1088868310366253<\/p>\n<p>T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n b\u00ean trong, \u0110\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady trong ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Thang \u0111o T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch<\/p>\n<p>Robert R. McCrae, John E. Kurtz, Shinji Yamagata v\u00e0 Antonio Terracciano<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Maria Tejerina-Arreal ho\u1eb7c Tejerina-Allen<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Murcia<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i ra, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp Q t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u1edf m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh \u00e2m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao.\u00a0Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Mariya Razzaghian<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, Pakistan<\/p>\n<p>Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ee9c alpha 0,7 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Robert T Brooks<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Mariya, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n<\/p>\n<p>n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thang \u0111o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi thang \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ec9nh<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n suy ngh\u0129 k\u1ef9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Cronbach&#8217;s alpha \u0111ang n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c trong thang \u0111o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9, (NB alpha kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y)<\/p>\n<p>Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha l\u00e0 1 th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch, c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha qu\u00e1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha l\u00e0 0,5 (b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thang \u0111o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u) th\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thang \u0111o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (quay l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1)<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 alpha.<\/p>\n<p>Alpha b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m.\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan th\u1ea5p l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m alpha<\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec3m Alpha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Pearson \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi 7 \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t alpha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u00ean 20 m\u1ee5c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao, v.v.<\/p>\n<p>Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 thang \u0111i\u1ec3m 7 tr\u1edf l\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec3m alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,7 cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 thang \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u00e9m, h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1eebng m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m alpha b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf.\u00a0h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha 0,95 cho bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n x\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a alpha.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>44 Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Mohamed Ismail Mohideen Bawa<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam Sri Lanka<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n x\u00f3a Cronbach&#8217;s alpha \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,7.\u00a0Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 x\u00f3a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u00ean quan trong t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach&#8217;s alpha l\u00ean tr\u00ean 0,7.\u00a0N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 2, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eed theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c.\u00a0\u0110\u00f4i khi, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, h\u00e3y th\u1eed xem.\u00a0\u0110\u00f4i khi, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y do ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Mohamed Anwar Hammad<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Sains Malaysia<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c trang web n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n<\/p>\n<p><u>https:\/\/www.easycomputer.com\/statistics\/reliability-cofactor.php<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>https:\/\/statistics.laerd.com\/spss-tutorials\/cronbachs-alpha-using-spss-statistics.php<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4205511\/<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Cronbach&#8217;s alpha<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Cronbach&#8217;s Alp<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>ha.pdf<\/u><\/p>\n<p>96,36 KB<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Pauw Voetligt<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Utrecht<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f2n h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach&#8217;s alpha l\u00e0 0,691 th\u00ec sao?\u00a0vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i alpha \u0111\u1ebfn .703.\u00a0\u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n?<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>Mathews Matinari<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Nestl\u00e9 SA<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.\u00a0T\u00f4i \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thang \u0111o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1eb5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1eabu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n<p>Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha l\u00e0 0,3 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c trong c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.\u00a0Sau khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cronbach alpha th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 0,171.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng x\u00f3a bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u coi l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 0,7.\u00a0Khi t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u1eefa bi\u1ebfn (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 alpha = 0,171) v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00ean x\u00f3a bi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean alpha k\u00e9m.\u00a0Li\u1ec7u alpha c\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200br\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y gi\u00fap t\u00f4i!!!<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (1)<\/p>\n<p><u>Ronan Michael Conroy<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng gia \u1edf Ireland<\/p>\n<p>Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha 0,7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thang \u0111o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0: truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.\u00a0N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Lance (Lance CE, Butts MM, Michels LC. Ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ti\u00eau ch\u00ed gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn: H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i g\u00ec? Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. 2006 1 th\u00e1ng 4; 9 (2): 202\u2013 20.)<\/p>\n<p>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1978 c\u1ee7a Nunally th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng &#8220;m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u&#8230; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady.&#8221; t\u1eeb 0,70 tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7&#8230;. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady \u1edf m\u1ee9c 0,80 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cao.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>80 Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nh\u1eadn tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tham gia ResearchGate \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>Tham gia mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi (134)<\/p>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<p>2<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Elaine Tavares<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Li\u00ean bang Rio de Janeiro<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra l\u00fd do:<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, Cronbachs Alpha (CA) c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh PLS.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00ean d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 AVE.\u00a0T\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1.\u00a0(2017) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n<p>Cronbach&#8217;s alpha gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady nh\u01b0 nhau (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac).\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng PLS \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 theo \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.\u00a0Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, in c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n b\u00ean trong.\u00a0Do nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Cronbach alpha, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i &#8211; \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o (Hair Jr. v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2017)<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f3c Jr, JF ;\u00a0Hult, GTM ;\u00a0Ringle, CM ;\u00a0Sarstedt, M. S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n (PLS-SEM).\u00a0Thousand Oaks, California: Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Sage.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>17 Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ji-Bin Li<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Trung t\u00e2m Ung th\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u00f4n Trung S\u01a1n<\/p>\n<p>@Chan, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0o h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng 0,6 Cronbach alpha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>6 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Jose Luis Graupera<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Alcal\u00e1<\/p>\n<p>Lee,<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach alpha.\u00a0N\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee5c, t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, &#8230; Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha l\u00e0 0,6 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n<p>Loewenthal, KM (2004).\u00a0Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 thang \u0111o t\u00e2m l\u00fd (2 ed.).<\/p>\n<p>Hove, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh: Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>16 Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Mubashar Majeed Qadri<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1ea3o Pakistan<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Choroabach &gt;.70 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n &gt;.70 th\u00ec h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng EFA \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thang \u0111o v\u00e0 c\u1ee1 m\u1eabu l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 th\u00ec h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 &gt;.60 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Nishad Nawaz<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Nunnally (1978) khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Cronbach alpha) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c. Churchill v\u00e0 Peter (1984) \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha. Theo h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,60 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n. Nunnally (1978; 1988) ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb alpha l\u00e0 0,60, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec 0,70 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thang \u0111o n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u00e0 0,60 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thang \u0111o (thang \u0111o t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n).&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng,<\/p>\n<p>Cronbach&#8217;s alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,7.. C\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u1eeb:\u00a0<u>https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/post\/Cronbachs_alpha_below_07\/9<\/u>\u00a0[truy c\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2017].<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>6 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Robert T Brooks.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Samira Muhammed Ebrahim<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Basrah<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Mohamed Ismail Mohideen Bawa<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Usman Saeed<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc D\u1ea7u kh\u00ed v\u00e0 Kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n King Fahd<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Elaine Tavares<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Francis S\u00e1nchez<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc bang b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Bataan<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Nishad Nawaz<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Qais Almamamari<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00e0o Tza,<\/p>\n<p>c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady b\u1eb1ng Cronbach&#8217;s Alpha &gt; 0,7, (Hair, 2005).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8211;\u00a0<strong>Theo Ramayah (2011), gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Cronbach\u2019s alpha l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 0,7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 0,5 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>-Theo Sekaran v\u00e0 Bougie (2013), \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,6 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 k\u00e9m, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady trong kho\u1ea3ng 0,7 \u2013 0,79 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady tr\u00ean 0,8 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Almaamari<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>5 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Diogenes de Souza Bido<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Presbiteriana Mackenzie<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m (trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m l\u00fd) ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u00f3i chung (trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef PLS).<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u00edt m\u1ee5c\/bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n &#8211;&gt; \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n &#8211;&gt; \u0111\u1ed9 suy gi\u1ea3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p).<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong &#8220;d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai SEM&#8221; (LISREL, AMOS, EQS, lavaan, Mplus)<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Amanda Hellstr\u00f6m<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Linnaeus<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i Cronbach&#8217;s alpha, xem b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 cho ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i m\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i Likert<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn mang t\u00ednh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Anne M. Gadermann, Martin Guhn &amp; Bruno D. Zumbo<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kay Cheng Soh<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Trung t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Trung Singapore<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i nh\u1edb kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea7m th\u00ec Cronbach&#8217;s alpha l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan trung b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c trong thang \u0111o.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, alpha cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n<p>Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, alpha=.7 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c, trung b\u00ecnh, chia s\u1ebb 50% ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 thang \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m.\u00a0V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 alpha=.9 tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u sai s\u00f3t trong ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thang \u0111o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111o m\u1ed9t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan), th\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n b\u00ean trong s\u1ebd v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 alpha kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady (t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n), theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a.\u00a0Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd n\u1eefa l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng thang \u0111o c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c) th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady (alpha) c\u00e0ng cao.\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng k\u00e9m s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c k\u00e9m b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf (l\u00e0m cho thang \u0111o ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n), alpha c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 Conroy \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u1edf tr\u00ean, alpha=.7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.\u00a0B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh trong \u0111\u00f3 thang \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thang \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edbi (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh), h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda s\u1edbm m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:\u00a0<em>Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>\u00a0(CFTIndex) c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 ch\u00edn thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5, m\u1ed7i thang \u0111o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3\u00a0<strong>n\u0103m<\/strong>\u00a0m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 0,69 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,86.\u00a0N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129.\u00a0K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong n\u0103m nay.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><u> Philip Chalmers<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc York<\/p>\n<p>@Amanda Hellstr\u00f6m T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng alpha th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.\u00a0Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p khi th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 alpha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1 sai l\u1ec7ch (c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf qu\u00e1 cao).\u00a0Xem b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5:<\/p>\n<p>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft\u00a0<u>v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ordinal Alpha<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>K\u00fd \u1ee9c Silas Madondo<\/u><\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 x\u00f3a l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0B\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau khi ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c.\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Abdullah Noori<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kabul<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a m\u1ee5c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y.\u00a0Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi @Silas Memory Madondo, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n!<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Shem Ngaamba Mwalw&#8217;a<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00f4ng Phi<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi;\u00a0n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.\u00a0T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Noori;\u00a0c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi thay v\u00ec x\u00f3a m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c trong c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Khousbou Beeharry<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Mauritius<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 cronbach 0,8 c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kay Cheng Soh<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Trung t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Trung Singapore<\/p>\n<p>Quy \u01b0\u1edbc mong \u0111\u1ee3i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a alpha=.7.\u00a0V\u00ec alpha=.8 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i n\u00e0y n\u00ean t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>4 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ataul Karim Patwary<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Malaysia, Kelantan<\/p>\n<p>K\u00ednh g\u1eedi Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129\u00a0<u>Tze Leong Chan<\/u>\u00a0, vui l\u00f2ng xem qua Nunally (1970) th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Cronbach Alpha.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ataul Karim Patwary<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Malaysia, Kelantan<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n\u00a0<u>Kay Cheng Soh<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kay Cheng Soh<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Trung t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Trung Singapore<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea3m \u01a1n, Ataul.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ali Ahmed Ateeq<\/u><\/p>\n<p>USIM |\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Sains Islam Malaysia<\/p>\n<p>Sekaran (2016) cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed 0,60 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Victor Ortu\u00f1o<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Uruguay<\/p>\n<p>.60 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.\u00a0N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng xem x\u00e9t l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u1eddi gian (Zimbardo &amp; Boyd, 1999), trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111ang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>5 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kay Cheng Soh<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Trung t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Trung Singapore<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh Cronbach&#8217;;s alpha c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh k\/(k-1) trong \u0111\u00f3 k l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed.\u00a0Khi k nh\u1ecf th\u00ec h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng cao.\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u1ebfu thang \u0111o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i (1 &#8211; T\u1ed5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c\/Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sai ki\u1ec3m tra) l\u00e0 0,5, th\u00ec alpha l\u00e0 2*0,5 = 1,00, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng thang \u0111o hai m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady!\u00a0Carmines g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thang \u0111o c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 12 m\u1ee5c.\u00a0H\u00e3y c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn khi c\u00e2n c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m \u00edt;\u00a0alpha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kolitsoe Sehapi<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc KwaZulu-Natal<\/p>\n<p>c\u1ea3m \u01a1n Ali AHMED Ateeq.\u00a0B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vui l\u00f2ng cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 &#8220;Sekaran (2016)&#8221; kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Ibrahim M. Taha<\/u><\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Sadat<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Cronbach&#8217;s alpha l\u00e0 0,7;\u00a0tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean 0,6 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn (Griethuijsen v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, 2015; Taber, 2018).<\/p>\n<p>van Griethuijsen, RALF, van Eijck, MW, Haste, H.\u00a0<em>v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1.\u00a0<\/em>C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc.\u00a0<em>Res Sci Education\u00a0<\/em><strong>45,<\/strong>\u00a0581\u2013603 (2015).\u00a0<u>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11165-014-9438-6<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Taber, KS (2018).\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Cronbach&#8217;s alpha khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/p>\n<p>c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khoa h\u1ecdc.\u00a0Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Khoa h\u1ecdc, 48(6),<\/p>\n<p>1273-1296.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Abdullah Ahmed<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Malaysia<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Cronbah&#8217;s alpha ia l\u00e0 0,7, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o cho bi\u1ebft 0,5 tr\u1edf l\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Yusuf F Zakariya<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ahmadu Bello<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Cronbach alpha s\u1eafp k\u1ebft th\u00fac.\u00a0H\u00e3y th\u1eed c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady thay th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 Omega, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, v.v.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Nwamaka A. Elom<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc bang Ebonyi, A<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Cronbach alpha l\u00e0 0,6 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t.\u00a0Tham kh\u1ea3o: Ogbazi, J. N &amp; Okpala, J.(2014) Vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n (cu\u1ed1i 2).\u00a0Enugu: Th\u1eddi gian b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>2 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Hassan Rezaeipandari<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc Y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 Y t\u1ebf Shahid Sadoughi<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i sao Cronbach&#8217;s Alpha \u1edf thang \u0111o n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n thang \u0111o ph\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5?<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Kay Cheng Soh<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Trung t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Trung Singapore<\/p>\n<p>Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thang \u0111o con \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a thang \u0111o con kia.\u00a0V\u00ec v\u1eady, thang \u0111o con th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao h\u01a1n thang \u0111o con kia.<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>MS H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kyushu<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y theo d\u00f5i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n<p>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o\u00a0<u>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chi tr\u1ea3 cho v\u1eafc xin Ebola gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf Indonesia&#8230;<\/u><\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb alpha = 0,7<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Mathews Matinari<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Nestl\u00e9 SA<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.\u00a0T\u00f4i \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thang \u0111o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1eb5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1eabu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n<p>Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 alpha l\u00e0 0,3 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c trong c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.\u00a0Sau khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cronbach alpha th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 0,171.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng x\u00f3a bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u coi l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 0,7.\u00a0Khi t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m tra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u1eefa bi\u1ebfn (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 alpha = 0,171) v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00ean x\u00f3a bi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean alpha k\u00e9m.\u00a0Li\u1ec7u alpha c\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200br\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y gi\u00fap t\u00f4i!!!<\/p>\n<p><u>Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/u><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u1eed L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n Proton Holdings Bhd Cronbach&#8217;s alpha d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,7. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a 280 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, c\u00f3 3 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ee9c&#8230; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thao-luan-dinh-luong"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29614","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29614"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29614\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29616,"href":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29614\/revisions\/29616"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29614"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29614"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ungdung.hotronghiencuu.com\/open\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}